Hydrogen Energy as Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review

Authors

• Talal Yusaf, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, QLD, AustraliaFollow
• Kumaran Kadirgama, Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia AND Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, MalaysiaFollow
• Hayder A. Dhahad, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad 19006, IraqFollow
• ABD Rahim Abu Talib, Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
• L. Samylingam, Center for Advanced Mechanical and Green Technology, Center of Excellence for Robotics & AND Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450 Bukit Beruang, Melaka, MalaysiaFollow
• Navid Aslfattahi, Department of Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická AND 4, 166 07 Prague, Czech RepublicFollow
• Maryam Sadat Kiai, Center for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland AND Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, TurkeyFollow
• Chee Kuang Kok, Center for Advanced Mechanical and Green Technology, Center of Excellence for Robotics & AND Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450 Bukit Beruang, Melaka, MalaysiaFollow

Abstract

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of the global transition toward a low-carbon and sustainable energy system. This review synthesizes recent advances across the hydrogen value chain—from production and storage to utilization and policy—while highlighting the opportunities and challenges shaping its large-scale deployment. We compare the main production routes, including reforming, gasification, and electrolysis, with particular attention to green hydrogen derived from renewable energy. Advances in storage technologies, such as compressed, liquid, and solid-state systems, are critically assessed in terms of efficiency, safety, and scalability. The analysis extends to hydrogen’s emerging roles in hard-to-abate sectors including industry, heavy transport, and power generation. By integrating technical, economic, and policy perspectives, this review provides a holistic understanding of hydrogen’s transformative potential in achieving deep decarbonization. We identify key research and investment priorities required to accelerate the realization of a secure and equitable hydrogen economy.

Recommended Citation

Yusaf, Talal; Kadirgama, Kumaran; Dhahad, Hayder A.; Talib, ABD Rahim Abu; Samylingam, L.; Aslfattahi, Navid; Kiai, Maryam Sadat; and Kok, Chee Kuang (2026) "Hydrogen Energy as Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review," Terra Joule Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64071/3080-5724.1022